Industrial transformation: changes brought by machinery

1845 was a milestone year for the Swiss watchmaking industry. In this year, the emergence of watchmaking machinery, like a strong east wind, completely changed the pattern of watch production, and the Swiss watchmaking industry entered a new stage of industrialized production. The application of watchmaking machinery has liberated watch production from the traditional manual production mode and realized large-scale mass production. The parts that originally required watchmakers to spend a lot of time and energy to polish and assemble by hand can now be efficiently produced by machinery, and production efficiency has been greatly improved.
In the following century, the output of Swiss watches showed a rapid upward trend, with the highest annual output reaching 104 million, accounting for 40% of the world's total output. Almost all of these watches were used for export. The share of Swiss watches in the international market continued to expand, becoming one of Switzerland's important export commodities, and Switzerland was therefore known as the "country of watches". Despite the substantial increase in production, the Swiss watch industry has remained decentralized in the handicraft period for more than three centuries. Except for a few famous brands such as Rolex and Patek Philippe, most manufacturers are small and medium-sized. This decentralized industrial structure makes the Swiss watchmaking industry face the challenges of market competition and industry integration while maintaining diversity and flexibility.

With the continuous development of the global market and the increasingly fierce competition, the Swiss watchmaking industry realized that in order to maintain its leading position in the international market, it must strengthen technological research and innovation. Therefore, in 1921, the watchmaking industry raised funds to establish the Swiss Watchmaking Institute, and in 1962, the Electronic Watchmaking Center was established. Both institutions are located in Neuchâtel. As professional research and development institutions, they focus on the research and innovation of watch technology and provide strong support for the technological progress of the Swiss watchmaking industry. Before the mid-1970s, the Swiss watchmaking industry had made remarkable achievements in technological innovation. New technologies such as the earliest LCD digital display, the thinnest watch (less than 1 mm thick), and the body temperature battery installed in the strap were first introduced in Switzerland. These innovative achievements not only improved the technological content and competitiveness of Swiss watches, but also led the technological development trend of the global watchmaking industry.

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